Socrates
In ancient Greece, Socrates has an outstanding reputation as a great philosopher. One day a man met him, and asked,
The man: "Do not you know what I just heard about your friend?".
Socrates replied: "Wait, before you say anything, I want you to pass a little test.'s Called three filter test.".
The man: "Three filter? '.
Socrates went on: "Yes, yes, before you say to me about my friend, it's good to take a moment and filter what you would say. Which is why I call it a test three sieves. Sieve first is the Truth. Did you really believe what you are going to tell me is true? "
The man said: "No, actually I just heard about it and ..."
Socrates: "Okay, so you do not know whether it's true or not. Now we try the second filter. Filter of Goodness. Would you tell me about my friend something good?" .
The man replied: "No, on the contrary ..."
Socrates continued: "So, you want to say something bad about him, but you're not sure if it's true. You can still pass this test, because there is still one more filter: filter Kegunaan.Apakah something you tell me about my friend going to be useful to me ? "
The man: "No, not really."
Socrated concluded: "Well, what would you say is not true, either, or even useful, why are you telling me?"
Socrates (470-399 BC):
Sick of material goods and the common understanding of a successful life. He is looking for sophia, philosophy. Despite knowing that only one thing is that he does not know anything, he was respected for his ability in debate with rhetorical arguments break and defects of debate opponents who felt he knew everything.
Aristotle
Aristotle (Greek: 'Aριστοτέλης Aristotle), (384 BC - 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote a variety of different subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethnic, biology and zoology. Along with Socrates and Plato, he is considered to be one of the three most influential philosophers in Western thought. Aristotle was born in Stagira, a town in the Chalcidice, Thracians, Greece (formerly including central Macedonia region) in 384 BC. His father was the personal physician of King Amyntas of Macedonia. At 17 years old, a student of Plato Aristotle. Later he rose to become a teacher at Plato's Academy in Athens for 20 years. Aristotle left the Academy after Plato's death, and became a teacher of Alexander of Macedonia. When Alexander came to power in 336 BC, he returned to Athens. With the support and assistance of Alexander, he then set up its own academy, called the Lyceum, which he led until the year 323 BC. Political changes with the fall of Alexander made himself should return escape from Athens in order to avoid unfortunate fate as Socrates once experienced. Aristotle died shortly after the evacuation. Aristotle strongly emphasized empiricism to emphasize knowledge.
Although most of the science that developed was more of a description of the things that make sense (common-sense explanation), many theories that persist even almost two thousand years. This happens because these theories are considered reasonable and in accordance with the idea of society in general, although it later turned out that these theories are all wrong because it is based on false assumptions.
It can be said that Aristotle was very influential on Western thought and religious thought in general. Alignment of Aristotle with Christian theology by St. Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century, with Jewish theology by Maimonides (1135-1204), and the theology of Islam by Ibn Rusyid (1126-1198). For medieval man, Aristotle is not only regarded as an authoritative source on logic and metaphysics, but is also considered a major source of knowledge, or "the master of those who know," as he later said by Dante Alighieri.
Birth:
384 BC Stagira, Chalcidice
Died:
322 BC (aged 61 or 62) Euboea
Era:
Ancient philosophy
Tradition:
Peripatetic school
Aristotelianism
The main interest:
• Physics
• Metaphysics
• Poetry
• Theatre
• Music
• Rhetoric
• Politics
• Governments
• Ethics
• Biology
• Zoology
Important ideas:
• Golden mean
• Reason
• Logic
• Passion
Influenced:
• Parmenides
• Socrates
• Plato
• Heraclitus
• Democritus
Affect:
• Alexander the Great
• Avicenna
• Averroes
• Maimonides
• Albertus Magnus
• Thomas Aquinas
• Duns Scotus
• Ptolemy
• Copernicus
• Galileo
Aristotle (384-322 BC; founder of the philosophical school of Lyceum):
Very sensitive to the historical development of ideas, especially about common sense, and try to avoid extreme patterns in philosophy. Giant Western thinkers while developing controls most branches of science in his day and left a lasting influence in the philosophy and science in the future. Logic science is still taught in universities today. In metaphysics he rejected the separation of the forms of Plato through the analysis-analysis of the matter, patensialitas, substance, and the world in general teleological. In ethics and social philosophy, he is known to maintain the doctrine of the "middle" in human action in which he emphasized the virtues and moral responsibility, especially in certain situations where "the decision lies in the perception".
Pythagoras
Pythagoras (582 BC - 496 BC, Greek: Πυθαγόρας) was a Greek mathematician and philosopher who is best known through his theorem.
Known as the "Father of Numbers", he gave an important contribution to philosophy and religious teaching in the late 6th century BC. The life and teachings are not so clear due to the many legends and stories made about him.
One of the relics of the famous Pythagoras Pythagorean theorem, which states that the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs (the sides of the elbow). Although the facts in this theorem has been widely known before the birth of Pythagoras, but Pythagoras theorem is credited to because he was the first to prove this observation mathematically.
Pythagoras and his students believed that everything in this world dealing with math, and feels that everything can be predicted and measured in cycles beritme. He believes the beauty of mathematics because all natural phenomena can be expressed in numbers or comparative numbers. There is a legend that says that when students Hippasus found that, the hypotenuse of a right triangle isosceles right-angled to the side of each one, is irrational, another Pythagorean disciples decided to kill him because they could not refute the evidence presented Hippasus.
Pythagoras (586-500 BC; founder of a secret fraternity community):
The key to understanding the universe lies in the numbers, because everything is numbers.
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Thales (+ 585 BC):
"Everything is full of gods" (naturalistic cosmology). Water is the first principle (unity / diversity behind the monistic world).
Thales of Miletus ( pron.: / θ eɪ l i ː z / ; Greek : Θαλῆς , Thales ; c. 624 BC - c. 546 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Miletus in Asia Minor , and one of the Seven Sages of Greece . Many, most Notably Aristotle , regard him as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition . According to Bertrand Russell , "Western philosophy begins with Thales." Thales attempted to explain natural phenomena without reference to mythology and was tremendously Influential in this respect. Almost all of the other pre-Socratic philosophers follow him in Attempting to provide an explanation of ultimate substance, change, and the existence of the world-without reference to mythology. Those philosophers were also Influential, and eventually Thales' rejection of mythological explanations Became an essential idea for the scientific revolution . He was also the first to define general principles and set forth hypotheses, and as a result has been dubbed the "Father of Science", though it is argued that Democritus is actually more deserving of this title.
In mathematics, Thales used geometry to solve problems such as calculating the height of pyramids and the distance of ships from the shore. He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry, by deriving four corollaries to Thales' Theorem . As a result, he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and is the first known individual to Whom a mathematical discovery has been Attributed.
Anaximander (611-546 BC +; founder Astronomy):
A monistic naturalistic metaphysicians who believe that the first substance is "the Infinite": primitive unity of all substance.
Anaximander (pron:. / Ə ˌ æ n ɨ ks nd ər m æ /, Greek: Ἀναξίμανδρος Anaximandros .., c 610-546 BC c) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus, a city of Ionia, Milet in modern Turkey. He belonged to the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his master Thales. He succeeded Thales and became the second master of the school where he counted Anaximenes and arguably, Pythagoras amongst his pupils.
Little is known of his life and work today. According to available historical documents, he was the first philosopher known to have written his studies, although only one fragment of his work remains. Fragmentary testimonies found in documents after his death provide a portrait of men.
Anaximander was one of the earliest Greek thinkers at the start of the Axial Age, the period from about 700 BC to 200 BC, in which the same revolutionary thinking appeared in China, India, Iran, the Near East, and Ancient Greece. He was an early proponent of science and tried to observe and explain different aspects of the universe, with particular interest in its origins, claiming that nature is governed by law, such as human society, and everything else that upsets the balance of nature does not last long. Like many thinkers of his time, Anaximander contribution to philosophy relate to many disciplines. In astronomy, he tried to describe the mechanics of celestial bodies in relation to the Earth. In physics, the postulation that the limited (or apeiron) was the source of everything that led Greek philosophy to a new level of conceptual abstraction. Knowledge of geometry allowed him to introduce the gnomon in Greece. He created a world map that contributed greatly to the advancement of geography. He was also involved in the politics of Miletus and sent as a leader of one of the colonies.
Anaximander stated that "unlimited" (apeiron) principle give rise to all the phenomena of nature. Carl Sagan claimed that he was doing most of recorded scientific experiments awal.Anaximander, Praxiades son, born in Miletus during the third year of the 42nd Olympiad (610 BC). According to Apollodorus Athens, Greek grammarian of the second century BC, he was sixty-four years during the second half of the 58th Olympiad (547-546 BC), and died shortly afterwards.
Building a timeline of his work is now impossible, since no document provides chronological references. Themistius, a fourth-century Byzantine orator, said that he is "the first of the Greeks are known to publish a written document on nature." Therefore, its text will be among the earliest written in prose, at least in the Western world. At the time of Plato, philosophy is almost forgotten, and Aristotle, his successor Theophrastus and some doxographers provide us with a little information behind. However, we know from Aristotle that Thales, also of Miletus, Anaximander precedes. It is debatable whether Thales is actually the teacher of Anaximander, but there is no doubt that Anaximander influenced by the theory of Thales' that everything comes from water. One thing that is not debatable is that even the ancient Greeks considered Anaximander derived from Monist school that began in Miletus to Thales followed by Anaximander and finished with Anaximenes. Third-century Roman rhetoric Aelian described him as the leader of the Milesian colony to Apollonia on the Black Sea coast, and hence some have inferred that he was a prominent citizen. Indeed, Various History (III, 17) explains that philosophers sometimes also deal with political issues. It is very likely that the leaders of Miletus sent him there as a legislator to make a constitution or simply to keep the loyalty of the colony.
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Siddharta Gautama (563-483 +; founder of the Buddhist religion and philosophy):
The four noble truths:
(1) Life is dukkha (suffering), (2) The cause of suffering is tanha (craving / desire and attachment to him, that it appears ego), (3) Suffering can be overcome by cutting the rope attachment, (4) This can be done Kindness by following the Eightfold Path, namely:
(1) Samma-ditthi (meaning true);
(2) Samma-sankappa (mean correct);
(3) Samma-vaca (right speech);
(4) Samma-kammarta (correct behavior);
(5) Samma-ajiva (working properly);
(6) Samma-vayama (right effort);
(7) Samma-sati (true memories) and
(8) Samma-samadhi (contemplation right). Everything is interconnected and in a state of flow.
Gautama Buddha or Siddhartha Gautama Buddha (Sanskrit: सिद्धार्थ गौतम बुद्ध, Pali: Siddhattha Gotama), also called Shakyamuni [note 1], is an ancient sage of Shakya republic [note 2], on whose teachings Buddhism was founded. He is also known as "Buddha" or most often simply as "Buddha."
Buddha means "awakened" or "enlightened one." "Buddha" is also used as the title for the first wake up in the era. In the Buddhist tradition, Siddhartha Gautama regarded as the Supreme Buddha (P. sammasambuddhas, S. samyaksaṃbuddha) of our age, [note 3] Gautama Buddha is also described as Shakyamuni Buddha, Sakyamuni (Sanskrit: शाक्यमुनि "Sage of the Sakya") or "The Awakened One of the Shakya Clan."
Gautama taught the middle way than severe asceticism found in the Sramana movement (rejection) is common in the region. He later taught throughout regions of eastern India such as Magadha and Kosala.
When Gautama birth and death are uncertain: most historians in the early 20th century as his date around the year 563 BCE to 483 BCE, but more recent opinion dates his death to between 486 and 483 BCE or, according to some, between 411 and 400 BC. [Note 4] However, at a specialist symposium on this question was held in 1988 in Göttingen, most of the experts who presented definite opinions gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death, with others supporting earlier or later date. This alternative chronology, however, has not been accepted by all other historians.
Gautama is the primary figure in Buddhism, and accounts of his life, discourses, and monastic rules are believed by Buddhists have been summarized after his death and memorized by his followers. Various collections of teachings attributed to him handed down by oral tradition, and first committed to writing about 400 years later.
Lao Tse (+ the 6th century BC; founder of Taoism):
Emphasizing simplicity and harmony of the rhythm of the universe. Happiness is only achieved by living in harmony with the Tao, which is an impersonal source of all things, as well as the changing nature spontaneously. Credited with main ideas Tao Te Ching (The Way of Life).
Laozi (see the other names and spelling variations, China: 老子, English pronunciation: / ˌ l dz aʊ ʌ /. Fl-6th century BC) was a philosopher of ancient China, best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching (often simply referred to as Laozi). His association with the Tao Te Ching has led him to be traditionally considered the founder of philosophical Taoism (pronounced as "Daoism"). He is also revered as a deity in most religious forms of the Taoist philosophy, which often refers to Laozi as Taishang Laojun, or "One of the Three Pure Ones".
According to Chinese tradition, Laozi lived in the 6th century BC. Some historians argue that he actually lived in the 5th-4th century BC, concurrent with the Hundred Schools Thought and Warring States Period, while some others argue that Laozi is a synthesis of some historical figure or that he is a mythical figure.
A central figure in Chinese culture, both nobility and common people claim Laozi in their lineage. He was honored as the ancestor of the Tang imperial family, and was given the title of Táishāng Xuanyuan Huangdi, meaning "Supreme Mysterious and Primordial Emperor". Throughout history, Laozi's work was embraced by various anti-authoritarian movements.
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Democritus (460-370 BC +; founder of Greek atomism):
Everything that exists is made up of space and tiny particles of infinite, undivided, called atomic material. Differences objects are different shapes, the movement and position of the atoms. Matter is eternal and energy stored in the system.
Democritus (Greek: Δημόκριτος, Demokritos, "chosen people") (. Ca. 460-370 BC ca) was an Ancient Greek philosopher born in Abdera, Thrace, Greece. He was an influential pre-Socratic philosopher and pupil of Leucippus, who formulated an atomic theory for the universe.
Contribution exactly difficult to separate from those of his mentor Leucippus, as they are often mentioned together in texts. Their speculation on atoms, taken from Leucippus, bears a passing resemblance to the partial and the nineteenth-century understanding of atomic structure that has led to some regard Democritus as more of a scientist than other Greek philosophers, however, their ideas rested on very different bases . Largely ignored in ancient Athens, Democritus was still known to his fellow northern-born philosopher Aristotle. Plato is said to have not liked it so much that he wished all his books burned. Many consider Democritus as "the father of modern science".
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Plato (429-437 BC; founder of the philosophical school of Academia in Athens):
Reality consists of two layers: the physical world that is always changing and can not be known and the world akali (ideas / forms) are eternal, immutable and knowable. Philosopher goal is to reach the world for him to gain knowledge about the second-pengada pengada like forma triangle, beauty (as opposed to earthly imitations of these forma) and justice (as opposed to the system is not perfect, like the one that impose the death penalty on Socrates).
Plato (pron:. / Pl eɪ t oʊ /, Greek: Πλάτων, Platon, "broad" 424/423 BC [a] - 348/347 BC) was a Classical Greek philosopher. He was also a mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. In the words of AN Whitehead:
The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of series of footnotes to Plato. I do not mean the systematic scheme of thought which scholars doubt extracted from his writings. I mention the wealth of general ideas scattered through them.
Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues, thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have been ascribed to him. Plato's writings have been published in some fashion, this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and reference texts of Plato. Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a variety of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics. Plato is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy.
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Epicurus (341-270 BC, founder of the Epicurianisme):
Epicurianisme is a way of putting life as the ultimate goal of human pleasures and achievements encourage the maximum with the minimum of suffering by pressing desires are "unnecessary", build friendships, and eliminate the fear of the gods and death.
Epicurus (Greek: Ἐπίκουρος, Epikouros, "allies, comrades", 341 BC - 270 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism. Only a few fragments and letters of Epicurus's 300 written works remain. Much of what is known about Epicurean philosophy comes from later followers and commentators.
For Epicurus, the purpose of philosophy is to achieve a happy life, calm, marked by Ataraxia-peace and freedom from fear-and-aponia absence of pain and to live an independent life surrounded by friends. He taught that pleasure and pain is a measure of what is good and evil, death is the end of the body and the soul, and it should not be afraid, the gods do not reward or punish humans, the universe is infinite and eternal, and events in the world ultimately based on the motions and interactions of atoms moving in empty space.
Tulius Marcus Cicero (106-43 BC; Roman orator and statesman who has a great interest in philosophy):
In political theory, he is known for his belief in human rights and human brotherhood. In the field of ethics, he is interested in the teachings of the Stoics.
Marcus Tullius Cicero (pron:. / S É ª s É ¨ r OES /, Classical Latin: [markÊŠs tul.ljÊŠs to ª to> ro Ë], January 3, 106 BC - December 7, 43 BC, sometimes anglicized as Tully) was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, orator, political theory, consuls and constitutionalist. She comes from a family of wealthy city knight, and is widely regarded as one of the greatest Roman orators and prose stylists. His influence on the Latin is so great that subsequent historical prose in not only Latin but Europe until the 19th century is said to either a reaction to or a return to the style. According to Michael Grant, "Cicero's influence on the history of European literature and ideas greatly exceeds that of any other prose writer in any language." Cicero introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary (with neologisms such as humanity, qualities, quantities, and important materials) distinguished himself as a linguist, translator, and philosopher.
Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited to launch the 14th century Renaissance. According to Polish historian Tadeusz Zielinski, "is above all things Renaissance revival of Cicero, and only after him and through him from the rest of the classic era." Tops Cicero authority and prestige come during the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century, and its impact on the leading Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke, David Hume, and Montesquieu are substantial. His works rank among the most influential in European culture, and today still is one of the most important bodies of primary material for the writing and revision of Roman history, especially the last days of the Roman Republic.
Although he was a great orator and successful lawyer, Cicero believed his political career was the most important achievement. It was during his consul Catiline conspiracy that attempted to overthrow the government through the attack on the town from outside forces, and Cicero suppress rebellion by running five conspirators without trial. During the second half of the 1st century BC chaotic marked by civil war and the dictatorship of Gaius Julius Caesar, Cicero championed back to the traditional republican government. After the death of Julius Caesar Cicero became an enemy of Mark Antony in the subsequent power struggle, attacking him in a series of speeches. He was banned as an enemy of the state by the Second Triumvirate and subsequently murdered in 43 BC.
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Lucretius (99-55 BC +; spreading the teachings of Epicurus atomism):
Following Epicurus in materialism unconditionally and even further to reject religion with all the crimes that result.
Titus Lucretius Carus (ca. 99 BC -. Ca 55 BC) was a Roman poet and philosopher. His work is known only epic poem De rerum natura about the philosophical beliefs of Epicureanism, and translated into English as On the Nature of Things or "On the Nature of the Universe".
Almost nothing is known about the life of Lucretius. Jerome tells how he was driven mad by a love potion and write poems between fits of madness, ultimately committed suicide in middle age, but modern scholarship suggests this account is the possibility of discovery. The De rerum natura is a major influence on the Augustan poets, especially Virgil (Aeneid and Georgics in his book, and to a lesser extent in his Eclogues) and Horace. It almost disappeared during the Middle Ages, but was rediscovered in a monastery in Germany in 1417, by Poggio Bracciolini, and plays an important role in the development of atomism (Lucretius was an important influence on Pierre Gassendi) and the efforts of the various figures of the Enlightenment era to build a new Christian humanism.
Marcus Aurelius (121-180 AD; emperor of Rome 161-180 AD):
His work entitled aphorisms (wise expressions) contains reflections that show the effect of the general tone of Stoic Epictetus. His teachings are about the individual's sense of self enough to face hostility, duties and obligations of the universe.
Marcus Aurelius (Latin: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus, 26 April 121 CE - 17 March 180 AD), was Roman Emperor 161-180. He ruled with Lucius Verus as co-emperor from 161 until Verus death 'on 169. He was the last of the Five Good Emperor, and is also considered one of the most important Stoic philosophers.
During his reign, the Empire defeated a revitalized Parthian Empire in the East, Aurelius' general Avidius Cassius sacked the capital of Ctesiphon in 164. In central Europe, Aurelius against Marcomanni, Quadi, and Sarmatians with success during Marcomannic War, with the threat of Germanic tribes began to represent a difficult reality for the Empire. A revolt in the East led by Avidius Cassius failed to gain momentum and pressed immediately.
Marcus Aurelius' Stoic tome Meditations, written in Greek while on campaign between 170 and 180, is still revered as a literary monument to a philosophy of service and duty, describing how to find and preserve the balance in the midst of conflict by following nature as a source of guidance and inspiration.
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Plotinus (205-270; largest neo-Platonic):
Convinced that reality comes from a source that is transcendent and ineffable called the One. The One is beyond there, and everything comes from Him through emanation from. The first emanation is Nous (mind), the second one with Soul of the World appear human souls, and the third is the material.
Plotinus (/ pl aɪ n ɒ t ə s /, Greek: Πλωτῖνος) (ca. 204/5-270 CE) was a major philosopher of the ancient world. In his system theory there are three principles: One, Mind, and Soul. His teacher was Ammonius Saccas and he is the Platonic tradition. Historian of the 19th century invented the term applied to him and Neoplatonism and influential philosophy in Late Antiquity. Many biographical information comes from Porphyry on Plotinus 'introduction to his edition of Plotinus' Enneads. His metaphysical writings have inspired centuries of Pagan, Christian, Jewish, Islamic and Gnostic metaphysicians and mystics. Porphyry reported Plotinus was 66 years old when he died in the year 270, the second year of the reign of Emperor Claudius II, thus giving us the birth of her teacher as about 205. Eunapius reported that Plotinus was born in Lycopolis Delta; "Lyco-" from the Greek word for "wolf" (Greek: λύκος, Lykos). It is the same root that gives rise to the Lyceum of Aristotle (the wolf) in Egypt, which has led to speculation that he may have been a genuine Egyptian Roman, Greek, or Hellenistic Egyptian descent.
Plotinus had an inherent distrust of materiality (an attitude common to platonism), holds the view that the phenomenon is a poor image or mimicry (mimesis) of something "higher and understood" [VI.I] which is "more right part of the original Being". This distrust extended to the body, including himself, but was reported by Porphyry that at one point he refused to have his portrait painted, probably for the same reason many do not like. Likewise Plotinus never discussed his ancestors, childhood, or the place or date of birth. From all accounts the personal and social life exhibited the highest standards of moral and spiritual.
Plotinus studied philosophy at the age of twenty-seven, around the year 232, and traveled to Alexandria to study. There, she was dissatisfied with every teacher he met through an acquaintance suggested he listen to ideas Saccas Ammonius. Upon hearing Ammonius lecture, he declared to his friend, "this is the man I was looking for," and began to study hard under his new instructor. Besides Ammonius, Plotinus was also influenced by the works of Alexander of Aphrodisias, Numenius, and various Stoics.
Augustine (354-430; First Christian philosopher):
God as a supreme being who created everything out of nothing, and even waktupun not exist before the creation. Evil is not created by God as intrinsically evil does not exist. Human knowledge can only come through enlightened mind. But since Adam slipped into the earth, then man can only be free from sin if the grace to restore power to do good.
Augustine of Hippo (pron:. / Ɔ ː ɡ ʌ n ɨ st / or / ɔ ː ɡ ə st ɪ n /, Latin :: Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, 13 November 354 - 28 August 430 ), also known as St. Augustine, St. Austin, or St. Augoustinos, is the Father of the Church whose writings are considered highly influential in the development of Western Christianity and philosophy. He was Bishop of Hippo Regius (now Annaba, Algeria) of the Roman province of Africa.
According to his contemporary, Jerome, Augustine "established more ancient faith." In the early years, he was heavily influenced by Manichaeism and afterward by the Neo-Platonism of Plotinus. After his conversion to Christianity and baptism in 387, Augustine developed his own approach to philosophy and theology, accommodating a variety of methods and different perspectives. He believed that the grace of Christ is indispensable to human freedom, and he framed the concepts of original sin and just war.
When the Western Roman Empire began to disintegrate, Augustine developed the concept of the Catholic Church as a spiritual City of God (in a book of the same name), distinct from the City of earthly matter. His mind was greatly influenced the medieval worldview. Augustine's City of God is closely identified with a segment of the church who hold to the concept of the Trinity as defined by the Council of Nicea and the Council of Constantinople.
In the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion, he is a saint, leading Doctor of the Church, and the patron Augustinians. Memorial celebrated August 28, the day of his death. He is the patron saint of brewers, printers, theologians, sore eye reduction, and a number of cities and dioceses. Many Protestants, especially Calvinists, consider it as one of the theological fathers of Reformation due to his teachings on salvation and divine grace. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, he was also considered sacred, his feast day is celebrated on June 15. He brings additional title Blessed are the Orthodox, both as "Blessed Augustine" or "St. Augustine the Blessed."
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Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274):
Trying to build a synthesis between Aristotelian philosophy and Christian thought in which the truths of faith and the ratio of support and complement each other. Known as the "five-way" proving the existence of God. Distinguish between objects metaphysical essence (what it) and existence (the fact that there is). According to human laws should be based on the eternal law, which rules out Budi Divine manage the universe.
Thomas Aquinas, OP (. Pron: / ə kw aɪ n ə s / ə-kwy-nəs, 1225 - March 7, 1274), also Thomas of Aquin or Aquino, was Italian Dominican priest, and highly influential philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition , where he was also known as the "Dumb Ox", "Angelic Doctor", "Doctor communis", and "Doctor Universalis". "Aquinas" is Demonim from Aquino: Thomas comes from one of the noble families of the kingdom of Naples, his parents held the title "Prince of Aquino" and "Countess of Teano." He is a prominent supporter of classical natural theology, and the father of Thomism. His influence on Western thought is quite large, and much of modern philosophy was conceived in the development or rejection of his ideas, particularly in the areas of ethics, natural law, metaphysics, and political theory.
Thomas was held at the Roman Catholic Church to be the model teacher for those studying for the priesthood, and indeed the highest expression of both natural reason and speculative theology. The study of his works, according to the papacy and magisterial documents, the core of required courses for those seeking ordination as a priest or deacon, as well as for those in religious formation and for other students of the sacred disciplines (Catholic philosophy, theology, history , liturgy and canon law). His most famous works are his Summa Theologiae and Summa Contra Gentiles. One of the 35 doctors of the Church., He is considered the greatest theologians and philosophers of the Church Pope Benedict XV declared: "This Order (Dominica) ... acquired new luster when the Church declared the teachings of Thomas to be her own and that Doctor, honored with praise Special of the Pope, the master and patron of Catholic school. "
In ancient Greece, Socrates has an outstanding reputation as a great philosopher. One day a man met him, and asked,
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SocratesThe man: "Do not you know what I just heard about your friend?".
Socrates replied: "Wait, before you say anything, I want you to pass a little test.'s Called three filter test.".
The man: "Three filter? '.
Socrates went on: "Yes, yes, before you say to me about my friend, it's good to take a moment and filter what you would say. Which is why I call it a test three sieves. Sieve first is the Truth. Did you really believe what you are going to tell me is true? "
The man said: "No, actually I just heard about it and ..."
Socrates: "Okay, so you do not know whether it's true or not. Now we try the second filter. Filter of Goodness. Would you tell me about my friend something good?" .
The man replied: "No, on the contrary ..."
Socrates continued: "So, you want to say something bad about him, but you're not sure if it's true. You can still pass this test, because there is still one more filter: filter Kegunaan.Apakah something you tell me about my friend going to be useful to me ? "
The man: "No, not really."
Socrated concluded: "Well, what would you say is not true, either, or even useful, why are you telling me?"
Socrates (470-399 BC):
Sick of material goods and the common understanding of a successful life. He is looking for sophia, philosophy. Despite knowing that only one thing is that he does not know anything, he was respected for his ability in debate with rhetorical arguments break and defects of debate opponents who felt he knew everything.
Aristotle (Greek: 'Aριστοτέλης Aristotle), (384 BC - 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote a variety of different subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethnic, biology and zoology. Along with Socrates and Plato, he is considered to be one of the three most influential philosophers in Western thought. Aristotle was born in Stagira, a town in the Chalcidice, Thracians, Greece (formerly including central Macedonia region) in 384 BC. His father was the personal physician of King Amyntas of Macedonia. At 17 years old, a student of Plato Aristotle. Later he rose to become a teacher at Plato's Academy in Athens for 20 years. Aristotle left the Academy after Plato's death, and became a teacher of Alexander of Macedonia. When Alexander came to power in 336 BC, he returned to Athens. With the support and assistance of Alexander, he then set up its own academy, called the Lyceum, which he led until the year 323 BC. Political changes with the fall of Alexander made himself should return escape from Athens in order to avoid unfortunate fate as Socrates once experienced. Aristotle died shortly after the evacuation. Aristotle strongly emphasized empiricism to emphasize knowledge.
Although most of the science that developed was more of a description of the things that make sense (common-sense explanation), many theories that persist even almost two thousand years. This happens because these theories are considered reasonable and in accordance with the idea of society in general, although it later turned out that these theories are all wrong because it is based on false assumptions.
It can be said that Aristotle was very influential on Western thought and religious thought in general. Alignment of Aristotle with Christian theology by St. Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century, with Jewish theology by Maimonides (1135-1204), and the theology of Islam by Ibn Rusyid (1126-1198). For medieval man, Aristotle is not only regarded as an authoritative source on logic and metaphysics, but is also considered a major source of knowledge, or "the master of those who know," as he later said by Dante Alighieri.
Birth:
384 BC Stagira, Chalcidice
Died:
322 BC (aged 61 or 62) Euboea
Era:
Ancient philosophy
Tradition:
Peripatetic school
Aristotelianism
The main interest:
• Physics
• Metaphysics
• Poetry
• Theatre
• Music
• Rhetoric
• Politics
• Governments
• Ethics
• Biology
• Zoology
Important ideas:
• Golden mean
• Reason
• Logic
• Passion
Influenced:
• Parmenides
• Socrates
• Plato
• Heraclitus
• Democritus
Affect:
• Alexander the Great
• Avicenna
• Averroes
• Maimonides
• Albertus Magnus
• Thomas Aquinas
• Duns Scotus
• Ptolemy
• Copernicus
• Galileo
Aristotle (384-322 BC; founder of the philosophical school of Lyceum):
Very sensitive to the historical development of ideas, especially about common sense, and try to avoid extreme patterns in philosophy. Giant Western thinkers while developing controls most branches of science in his day and left a lasting influence in the philosophy and science in the future. Logic science is still taught in universities today. In metaphysics he rejected the separation of the forms of Plato through the analysis-analysis of the matter, patensialitas, substance, and the world in general teleological. In ethics and social philosophy, he is known to maintain the doctrine of the "middle" in human action in which he emphasized the virtues and moral responsibility, especially in certain situations where "the decision lies in the perception".
Pythagoras (582 BC - 496 BC, Greek: Πυθαγόρας) was a Greek mathematician and philosopher who is best known through his theorem.
Known as the "Father of Numbers", he gave an important contribution to philosophy and religious teaching in the late 6th century BC. The life and teachings are not so clear due to the many legends and stories made about him.
One of the relics of the famous Pythagoras Pythagorean theorem, which states that the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs (the sides of the elbow). Although the facts in this theorem has been widely known before the birth of Pythagoras, but Pythagoras theorem is credited to because he was the first to prove this observation mathematically.
Pythagoras and his students believed that everything in this world dealing with math, and feels that everything can be predicted and measured in cycles beritme. He believes the beauty of mathematics because all natural phenomena can be expressed in numbers or comparative numbers. There is a legend that says that when students Hippasus found that, the hypotenuse of a right triangle isosceles right-angled to the side of each one, is irrational, another Pythagorean disciples decided to kill him because they could not refute the evidence presented Hippasus.
Pythagoras (586-500 BC; founder of a secret fraternity community):
The key to understanding the universe lies in the numbers, because everything is numbers.
"Everything is full of gods" (naturalistic cosmology). Water is the first principle (unity / diversity behind the monistic world).
Thales of Miletus ( pron.: / θ eɪ l i ː z / ; Greek : Θαλῆς , Thales ; c. 624 BC - c. 546 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Miletus in Asia Minor , and one of the Seven Sages of Greece . Many, most Notably Aristotle , regard him as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition . According to Bertrand Russell , "Western philosophy begins with Thales." Thales attempted to explain natural phenomena without reference to mythology and was tremendously Influential in this respect. Almost all of the other pre-Socratic philosophers follow him in Attempting to provide an explanation of ultimate substance, change, and the existence of the world-without reference to mythology. Those philosophers were also Influential, and eventually Thales' rejection of mythological explanations Became an essential idea for the scientific revolution . He was also the first to define general principles and set forth hypotheses, and as a result has been dubbed the "Father of Science", though it is argued that Democritus is actually more deserving of this title.
In mathematics, Thales used geometry to solve problems such as calculating the height of pyramids and the distance of ships from the shore. He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry, by deriving four corollaries to Thales' Theorem . As a result, he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and is the first known individual to Whom a mathematical discovery has been Attributed.
A monistic naturalistic metaphysicians who believe that the first substance is "the Infinite": primitive unity of all substance.
Anaximander (pron:. / Ə ˌ æ n ɨ ks nd ər m æ /, Greek: Ἀναξίμανδρος Anaximandros .., c 610-546 BC c) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus, a city of Ionia, Milet in modern Turkey. He belonged to the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his master Thales. He succeeded Thales and became the second master of the school where he counted Anaximenes and arguably, Pythagoras amongst his pupils.
Little is known of his life and work today. According to available historical documents, he was the first philosopher known to have written his studies, although only one fragment of his work remains. Fragmentary testimonies found in documents after his death provide a portrait of men.
Anaximander was one of the earliest Greek thinkers at the start of the Axial Age, the period from about 700 BC to 200 BC, in which the same revolutionary thinking appeared in China, India, Iran, the Near East, and Ancient Greece. He was an early proponent of science and tried to observe and explain different aspects of the universe, with particular interest in its origins, claiming that nature is governed by law, such as human society, and everything else that upsets the balance of nature does not last long. Like many thinkers of his time, Anaximander contribution to philosophy relate to many disciplines. In astronomy, he tried to describe the mechanics of celestial bodies in relation to the Earth. In physics, the postulation that the limited (or apeiron) was the source of everything that led Greek philosophy to a new level of conceptual abstraction. Knowledge of geometry allowed him to introduce the gnomon in Greece. He created a world map that contributed greatly to the advancement of geography. He was also involved in the politics of Miletus and sent as a leader of one of the colonies.
Anaximander stated that "unlimited" (apeiron) principle give rise to all the phenomena of nature. Carl Sagan claimed that he was doing most of recorded scientific experiments awal.Anaximander, Praxiades son, born in Miletus during the third year of the 42nd Olympiad (610 BC). According to Apollodorus Athens, Greek grammarian of the second century BC, he was sixty-four years during the second half of the 58th Olympiad (547-546 BC), and died shortly afterwards.
Building a timeline of his work is now impossible, since no document provides chronological references. Themistius, a fourth-century Byzantine orator, said that he is "the first of the Greeks are known to publish a written document on nature." Therefore, its text will be among the earliest written in prose, at least in the Western world. At the time of Plato, philosophy is almost forgotten, and Aristotle, his successor Theophrastus and some doxographers provide us with a little information behind. However, we know from Aristotle that Thales, also of Miletus, Anaximander precedes. It is debatable whether Thales is actually the teacher of Anaximander, but there is no doubt that Anaximander influenced by the theory of Thales' that everything comes from water. One thing that is not debatable is that even the ancient Greeks considered Anaximander derived from Monist school that began in Miletus to Thales followed by Anaximander and finished with Anaximenes. Third-century Roman rhetoric Aelian described him as the leader of the Milesian colony to Apollonia on the Black Sea coast, and hence some have inferred that he was a prominent citizen. Indeed, Various History (III, 17) explains that philosophers sometimes also deal with political issues. It is very likely that the leaders of Miletus sent him there as a legislator to make a constitution or simply to keep the loyalty of the colony.
The four noble truths:
(1) Life is dukkha (suffering), (2) The cause of suffering is tanha (craving / desire and attachment to him, that it appears ego), (3) Suffering can be overcome by cutting the rope attachment, (4) This can be done Kindness by following the Eightfold Path, namely:
(1) Samma-ditthi (meaning true);
(2) Samma-sankappa (mean correct);
(3) Samma-vaca (right speech);
(4) Samma-kammarta (correct behavior);
(5) Samma-ajiva (working properly);
(6) Samma-vayama (right effort);
(7) Samma-sati (true memories) and
(8) Samma-samadhi (contemplation right). Everything is interconnected and in a state of flow.
Gautama Buddha or Siddhartha Gautama Buddha (Sanskrit: सिद्धार्थ गौतम बुद्ध, Pali: Siddhattha Gotama), also called Shakyamuni [note 1], is an ancient sage of Shakya republic [note 2], on whose teachings Buddhism was founded. He is also known as "Buddha" or most often simply as "Buddha."
Buddha means "awakened" or "enlightened one." "Buddha" is also used as the title for the first wake up in the era. In the Buddhist tradition, Siddhartha Gautama regarded as the Supreme Buddha (P. sammasambuddhas, S. samyaksaṃbuddha) of our age, [note 3] Gautama Buddha is also described as Shakyamuni Buddha, Sakyamuni (Sanskrit: शाक्यमुनि "Sage of the Sakya") or "The Awakened One of the Shakya Clan."
Gautama taught the middle way than severe asceticism found in the Sramana movement (rejection) is common in the region. He later taught throughout regions of eastern India such as Magadha and Kosala.
When Gautama birth and death are uncertain: most historians in the early 20th century as his date around the year 563 BCE to 483 BCE, but more recent opinion dates his death to between 486 and 483 BCE or, according to some, between 411 and 400 BC. [Note 4] However, at a specialist symposium on this question was held in 1988 in Göttingen, most of the experts who presented definite opinions gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death, with others supporting earlier or later date. This alternative chronology, however, has not been accepted by all other historians.
Gautama is the primary figure in Buddhism, and accounts of his life, discourses, and monastic rules are believed by Buddhists have been summarized after his death and memorized by his followers. Various collections of teachings attributed to him handed down by oral tradition, and first committed to writing about 400 years later.
Emphasizing simplicity and harmony of the rhythm of the universe. Happiness is only achieved by living in harmony with the Tao, which is an impersonal source of all things, as well as the changing nature spontaneously. Credited with main ideas Tao Te Ching (The Way of Life).
Laozi (see the other names and spelling variations, China: 老子, English pronunciation: / ˌ l dz aʊ ʌ /. Fl-6th century BC) was a philosopher of ancient China, best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching (often simply referred to as Laozi). His association with the Tao Te Ching has led him to be traditionally considered the founder of philosophical Taoism (pronounced as "Daoism"). He is also revered as a deity in most religious forms of the Taoist philosophy, which often refers to Laozi as Taishang Laojun, or "One of the Three Pure Ones".
According to Chinese tradition, Laozi lived in the 6th century BC. Some historians argue that he actually lived in the 5th-4th century BC, concurrent with the Hundred Schools Thought and Warring States Period, while some others argue that Laozi is a synthesis of some historical figure or that he is a mythical figure.
A central figure in Chinese culture, both nobility and common people claim Laozi in their lineage. He was honored as the ancestor of the Tang imperial family, and was given the title of Táishāng Xuanyuan Huangdi, meaning "Supreme Mysterious and Primordial Emperor". Throughout history, Laozi's work was embraced by various anti-authoritarian movements.
Everything that exists is made up of space and tiny particles of infinite, undivided, called atomic material. Differences objects are different shapes, the movement and position of the atoms. Matter is eternal and energy stored in the system.
Democritus (Greek: Δημόκριτος, Demokritos, "chosen people") (. Ca. 460-370 BC ca) was an Ancient Greek philosopher born in Abdera, Thrace, Greece. He was an influential pre-Socratic philosopher and pupil of Leucippus, who formulated an atomic theory for the universe.
Contribution exactly difficult to separate from those of his mentor Leucippus, as they are often mentioned together in texts. Their speculation on atoms, taken from Leucippus, bears a passing resemblance to the partial and the nineteenth-century understanding of atomic structure that has led to some regard Democritus as more of a scientist than other Greek philosophers, however, their ideas rested on very different bases . Largely ignored in ancient Athens, Democritus was still known to his fellow northern-born philosopher Aristotle. Plato is said to have not liked it so much that he wished all his books burned. Many consider Democritus as "the father of modern science".
Reality consists of two layers: the physical world that is always changing and can not be known and the world akali (ideas / forms) are eternal, immutable and knowable. Philosopher goal is to reach the world for him to gain knowledge about the second-pengada pengada like forma triangle, beauty (as opposed to earthly imitations of these forma) and justice (as opposed to the system is not perfect, like the one that impose the death penalty on Socrates).
Plato (pron:. / Pl eɪ t oʊ /, Greek: Πλάτων, Platon, "broad" 424/423 BC [a] - 348/347 BC) was a Classical Greek philosopher. He was also a mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. In the words of AN Whitehead:
The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of series of footnotes to Plato. I do not mean the systematic scheme of thought which scholars doubt extracted from his writings. I mention the wealth of general ideas scattered through them.
Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues, thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have been ascribed to him. Plato's writings have been published in some fashion, this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and reference texts of Plato. Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a variety of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics. Plato is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy.
Epicurianisme is a way of putting life as the ultimate goal of human pleasures and achievements encourage the maximum with the minimum of suffering by pressing desires are "unnecessary", build friendships, and eliminate the fear of the gods and death.
Epicurus (Greek: Ἐπίκουρος, Epikouros, "allies, comrades", 341 BC - 270 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism. Only a few fragments and letters of Epicurus's 300 written works remain. Much of what is known about Epicurean philosophy comes from later followers and commentators.
For Epicurus, the purpose of philosophy is to achieve a happy life, calm, marked by Ataraxia-peace and freedom from fear-and-aponia absence of pain and to live an independent life surrounded by friends. He taught that pleasure and pain is a measure of what is good and evil, death is the end of the body and the soul, and it should not be afraid, the gods do not reward or punish humans, the universe is infinite and eternal, and events in the world ultimately based on the motions and interactions of atoms moving in empty space.
In political theory, he is known for his belief in human rights and human brotherhood. In the field of ethics, he is interested in the teachings of the Stoics.
Marcus Tullius Cicero (pron:. / S É ª s É ¨ r OES /, Classical Latin: [markÊŠs tul.ljÊŠs to ª to> ro Ë], January 3, 106 BC - December 7, 43 BC, sometimes anglicized as Tully) was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, orator, political theory, consuls and constitutionalist. She comes from a family of wealthy city knight, and is widely regarded as one of the greatest Roman orators and prose stylists. His influence on the Latin is so great that subsequent historical prose in not only Latin but Europe until the 19th century is said to either a reaction to or a return to the style. According to Michael Grant, "Cicero's influence on the history of European literature and ideas greatly exceeds that of any other prose writer in any language." Cicero introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary (with neologisms such as humanity, qualities, quantities, and important materials) distinguished himself as a linguist, translator, and philosopher.
Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited to launch the 14th century Renaissance. According to Polish historian Tadeusz Zielinski, "is above all things Renaissance revival of Cicero, and only after him and through him from the rest of the classic era." Tops Cicero authority and prestige come during the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century, and its impact on the leading Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke, David Hume, and Montesquieu are substantial. His works rank among the most influential in European culture, and today still is one of the most important bodies of primary material for the writing and revision of Roman history, especially the last days of the Roman Republic.
Although he was a great orator and successful lawyer, Cicero believed his political career was the most important achievement. It was during his consul Catiline conspiracy that attempted to overthrow the government through the attack on the town from outside forces, and Cicero suppress rebellion by running five conspirators without trial. During the second half of the 1st century BC chaotic marked by civil war and the dictatorship of Gaius Julius Caesar, Cicero championed back to the traditional republican government. After the death of Julius Caesar Cicero became an enemy of Mark Antony in the subsequent power struggle, attacking him in a series of speeches. He was banned as an enemy of the state by the Second Triumvirate and subsequently murdered in 43 BC.
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Following Epicurus in materialism unconditionally and even further to reject religion with all the crimes that result.
Titus Lucretius Carus (ca. 99 BC -. Ca 55 BC) was a Roman poet and philosopher. His work is known only epic poem De rerum natura about the philosophical beliefs of Epicureanism, and translated into English as On the Nature of Things or "On the Nature of the Universe".
Almost nothing is known about the life of Lucretius. Jerome tells how he was driven mad by a love potion and write poems between fits of madness, ultimately committed suicide in middle age, but modern scholarship suggests this account is the possibility of discovery. The De rerum natura is a major influence on the Augustan poets, especially Virgil (Aeneid and Georgics in his book, and to a lesser extent in his Eclogues) and Horace. It almost disappeared during the Middle Ages, but was rediscovered in a monastery in Germany in 1417, by Poggio Bracciolini, and plays an important role in the development of atomism (Lucretius was an important influence on Pierre Gassendi) and the efforts of the various figures of the Enlightenment era to build a new Christian humanism.
His work entitled aphorisms (wise expressions) contains reflections that show the effect of the general tone of Stoic Epictetus. His teachings are about the individual's sense of self enough to face hostility, duties and obligations of the universe.
Marcus Aurelius (Latin: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus, 26 April 121 CE - 17 March 180 AD), was Roman Emperor 161-180. He ruled with Lucius Verus as co-emperor from 161 until Verus death 'on 169. He was the last of the Five Good Emperor, and is also considered one of the most important Stoic philosophers.
During his reign, the Empire defeated a revitalized Parthian Empire in the East, Aurelius' general Avidius Cassius sacked the capital of Ctesiphon in 164. In central Europe, Aurelius against Marcomanni, Quadi, and Sarmatians with success during Marcomannic War, with the threat of Germanic tribes began to represent a difficult reality for the Empire. A revolt in the East led by Avidius Cassius failed to gain momentum and pressed immediately.
Marcus Aurelius' Stoic tome Meditations, written in Greek while on campaign between 170 and 180, is still revered as a literary monument to a philosophy of service and duty, describing how to find and preserve the balance in the midst of conflict by following nature as a source of guidance and inspiration.
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Convinced that reality comes from a source that is transcendent and ineffable called the One. The One is beyond there, and everything comes from Him through emanation from. The first emanation is Nous (mind), the second one with Soul of the World appear human souls, and the third is the material.
Plotinus (/ pl aɪ n ɒ t ə s /, Greek: Πλωτῖνος) (ca. 204/5-270 CE) was a major philosopher of the ancient world. In his system theory there are three principles: One, Mind, and Soul. His teacher was Ammonius Saccas and he is the Platonic tradition. Historian of the 19th century invented the term applied to him and Neoplatonism and influential philosophy in Late Antiquity. Many biographical information comes from Porphyry on Plotinus 'introduction to his edition of Plotinus' Enneads. His metaphysical writings have inspired centuries of Pagan, Christian, Jewish, Islamic and Gnostic metaphysicians and mystics. Porphyry reported Plotinus was 66 years old when he died in the year 270, the second year of the reign of Emperor Claudius II, thus giving us the birth of her teacher as about 205. Eunapius reported that Plotinus was born in Lycopolis Delta; "Lyco-" from the Greek word for "wolf" (Greek: λύκος, Lykos). It is the same root that gives rise to the Lyceum of Aristotle (the wolf) in Egypt, which has led to speculation that he may have been a genuine Egyptian Roman, Greek, or Hellenistic Egyptian descent.
Plotinus had an inherent distrust of materiality (an attitude common to platonism), holds the view that the phenomenon is a poor image or mimicry (mimesis) of something "higher and understood" [VI.I] which is "more right part of the original Being". This distrust extended to the body, including himself, but was reported by Porphyry that at one point he refused to have his portrait painted, probably for the same reason many do not like. Likewise Plotinus never discussed his ancestors, childhood, or the place or date of birth. From all accounts the personal and social life exhibited the highest standards of moral and spiritual.
Plotinus studied philosophy at the age of twenty-seven, around the year 232, and traveled to Alexandria to study. There, she was dissatisfied with every teacher he met through an acquaintance suggested he listen to ideas Saccas Ammonius. Upon hearing Ammonius lecture, he declared to his friend, "this is the man I was looking for," and began to study hard under his new instructor. Besides Ammonius, Plotinus was also influenced by the works of Alexander of Aphrodisias, Numenius, and various Stoics.
Augustine (354-430; First Christian philosopher):
God as a supreme being who created everything out of nothing, and even waktupun not exist before the creation. Evil is not created by God as intrinsically evil does not exist. Human knowledge can only come through enlightened mind. But since Adam slipped into the earth, then man can only be free from sin if the grace to restore power to do good.
Augustine of Hippo (pron:. / Ɔ ː ɡ ʌ n ɨ st / or / ɔ ː ɡ ə st ɪ n /, Latin :: Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, 13 November 354 - 28 August 430 ), also known as St. Augustine, St. Austin, or St. Augoustinos, is the Father of the Church whose writings are considered highly influential in the development of Western Christianity and philosophy. He was Bishop of Hippo Regius (now Annaba, Algeria) of the Roman province of Africa.
According to his contemporary, Jerome, Augustine "established more ancient faith." In the early years, he was heavily influenced by Manichaeism and afterward by the Neo-Platonism of Plotinus. After his conversion to Christianity and baptism in 387, Augustine developed his own approach to philosophy and theology, accommodating a variety of methods and different perspectives. He believed that the grace of Christ is indispensable to human freedom, and he framed the concepts of original sin and just war.When the Western Roman Empire began to disintegrate, Augustine developed the concept of the Catholic Church as a spiritual City of God (in a book of the same name), distinct from the City of earthly matter. His mind was greatly influenced the medieval worldview. Augustine's City of God is closely identified with a segment of the church who hold to the concept of the Trinity as defined by the Council of Nicea and the Council of Constantinople.
In the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion, he is a saint, leading Doctor of the Church, and the patron Augustinians. Memorial celebrated August 28, the day of his death. He is the patron saint of brewers, printers, theologians, sore eye reduction, and a number of cities and dioceses. Many Protestants, especially Calvinists, consider it as one of the theological fathers of Reformation due to his teachings on salvation and divine grace. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, he was also considered sacred, his feast day is celebrated on June 15. He brings additional title Blessed are the Orthodox, both as "Blessed Augustine" or "St. Augustine the Blessed."
Trying to build a synthesis between Aristotelian philosophy and Christian thought in which the truths of faith and the ratio of support and complement each other. Known as the "five-way" proving the existence of God. Distinguish between objects metaphysical essence (what it) and existence (the fact that there is). According to human laws should be based on the eternal law, which rules out Budi Divine manage the universe.
Thomas Aquinas, OP (. Pron: / ə kw aɪ n ə s / ə-kwy-nəs, 1225 - March 7, 1274), also Thomas of Aquin or Aquino, was Italian Dominican priest, and highly influential philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition , where he was also known as the "Dumb Ox", "Angelic Doctor", "Doctor communis", and "Doctor Universalis". "Aquinas" is Demonim from Aquino: Thomas comes from one of the noble families of the kingdom of Naples, his parents held the title "Prince of Aquino" and "Countess of Teano." He is a prominent supporter of classical natural theology, and the father of Thomism. His influence on Western thought is quite large, and much of modern philosophy was conceived in the development or rejection of his ideas, particularly in the areas of ethics, natural law, metaphysics, and political theory.
Thomas was held at the Roman Catholic Church to be the model teacher for those studying for the priesthood, and indeed the highest expression of both natural reason and speculative theology. The study of his works, according to the papacy and magisterial documents, the core of required courses for those seeking ordination as a priest or deacon, as well as for those in religious formation and for other students of the sacred disciplines (Catholic philosophy, theology, history , liturgy and canon law). His most famous works are his Summa Theologiae and Summa Contra Gentiles. One of the 35 doctors of the Church., He is considered the greatest theologians and philosophers of the Church Pope Benedict XV declared: "This Order (Dominica) ... acquired new luster when the Church declared the teachings of Thomas to be her own and that Doctor, honored with praise Special of the Pope, the master and patron of Catholic school. "
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